Panel data modelling and econometric analysis harness longitudinal observations across multiple units—such as individuals, firms or countries—to disentangle temporal dynamics from cross-sectional ...

Panel data analysis combines observations on multiple entities—such as individuals, firms or countries—over time. This longitudinal perspective permits the disentanglement of time-invariant traits ...

A behind-the-scenes blog about research methods at Pew Research Center. For our latest findings, visit pewresearch.org. Identifying causal relationships from observational data is not easy. Still, ...