Overall, public R&D has a rate of return of 140-210%, they concluded. Crucially, this is a much higher estimate than the 30-70% rates of return economists calculate for private R&D, said Fieldhouse.

A SUB-EDITOR who works for Bullivant Media Group, which publishes this newspaper, is urging readers to try his debut novel – Heathens – online. And, if they enjoy it, he hopes they will give him the ...